Those are weights. They are used to balance the wheels. In the old days, they would hammer a piece of lead into the edge of the rim. With the expensive and fragile rims of today, most people just use these stick on weights.
I would imagine they could stick the weights further back on the hoop so that you can't see it as easily from the front. Not sure if it needs to be centered with the mounting pad but I would think they could at least move it further into the wheel
They are used to balance the wheel/tire combo. A new tire will change how many and where the weights are placed in order to get the tire balanced. You don't want teeth rattling shaky tires eh?
The old adhesive can be removed with some Goofoff or some adhesive remover.
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